Alcohol's Effects on the Brain

The effects of alcohol depend upon how much alcohol is consumed, how often it is consumed, and whether it is mixed with other substances.  The effects of alcohol consumption may be short-term or long-term. Short-term effects occur immediately after drinking and last only a few hours. Long-term effects occur over several days and weeks. These effects include memory loss, impaired judgment, slurred speech, slowed reflexes, and difficulty walking.

Alcohol's effects on the body are due to its effect on the brain. Alcohol interferes with the way nerve cells communicate with each other. This results in reduced activity in the brain. In addition, alcohol increases the amount of dopamine released in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that helps control movement, attention, and pleasure.

When alcohol enters the bloodstream, it travels to the brain where it binds to receptors on nerve cells. Once bound, alcohol blocks the action of acetylcholine, a chemical messenger that transmits messages between nerve cells. Acetylcholine is responsible for controlling muscle contractions, heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. Without acetylcholine functioning properly, these processes do not work correctly.

In addition to blocking acetylcholine, alcohol also inhibits the release of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that controls mood and behavior. Serotonin levels increase when people feel happy, relaxed, and calm. Alcohol decreases serotonin levels, causing people to feel depressed, anxious, and irritable.

Effects of Alcohol Consumption:

Short-Term Effects:

Immediately following alcohol consumption, people experience increased alertness, decreased appetite, and increased sexual desire. People also tend to have trouble sleeping and may wake up feeling groggy.

Long-Term Effects:

Over time, alcohol consumption impairs the function of the liver. As a result, the body produces less protein, vitamin B12, and iron. Alcohol also damages the lining of the stomach, leading to ulcers.

Alcohol Abuse:

Alcohol abuse occurs when someone consumes alcohol excessively. Excessive alcohol use can lead to physical problems, mental illness, and even death. Signs of excessive alcohol use include blackouts, depression, anxiety, aggression, poor impulse control, and suicidal thoughts.